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<DIV ID="idElement11" style="position:absolute; top:400px; left:133px; width:609px; height:29961px;"><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=0 WIDTH=609><TR VALIGN=top><TD><DIV align=left><FONT CLASS=Book-Antiqua-18px800040b> | |
</FONT><FONT CLASS=Book-Antiqua-18px0000FFb>Hitler Fought Way to Power Unique in Modern History <BR> | |
| |
Bent Most of | |
Europe to His Will by Manipulating Chaos <BR> | |
| |
That | |
Was Aftermath of the First World War <BR> | |
</FONT><FONT CLASS=Book-Antiqua-16px800040b><BR> | |
BY THE NEW YORK TIMES<BR> | |
<BR> | |
Adolf Hitler, one-time Austrian vagabond who | |
rose to be the dictator of Germany, "augmenter of the Reich" and the scourge | |
of Europe, was, like Lenin and Mussolini, a product of the First World War. The | |
same general circumstances, born of the titanic conflict, that carried Lenin, | |
a bookish professional revolutionist, to the pinnacle of power in the Empire of | |
the Czars and cleared the road to mastery for Mussolini in the Rome of the Caesars | |
also paved the way for Hitler's domination in the former mighty Germany of | |
the Hohenzollerns. <BR> | |
<BR> | |
Like Lenin and Mussolini, Hitler came out of the | |
blood and chaos of 1914-18, but of the three he was the strangest phenomenon. | |
Lenin, while not know to the general public, had for many years before the Russian | |
Revolution occupied a prominent place as leader and theoretician, of the | |
Bolshevist party. Mussolini was a widely known Socialist editor, orator and politician | |
before making his bid for power. Hitler was nothing, and from nothing he | |
became everything to most Germans. <BR> | |
<BR> | |
Lenin dreamed of world revolution. | |
Mussolini thundered of the coming world victory of fascism. Hitler actually | |
challenged the earth to combat by unleashing another war of nations. Emerging | |
from the field in 1918 as an obscure lance corporal, he led Germany twenty-one | |
years later as supreme Fuehrer and War Lord. <BR> | |
<BR> | |
</FONT><FONT CLASS=Book-Antiqua-16px0000FFb>Subdued Many Nations </FONT><FONT CLASS=Book-Antiqua-16px800040b><BR> | |
<BR> | |
Before the climax of a career unparalleled in history, he had subdued | |
nine nations, defied successfully and humiliated the greatest powers of Europe, | |
and created a social and economic system founded upon the complete subjection | |
of scores of millions to his will in all basic features of social, political, | |
economic and cultural life.<BR> | |
<BR> | |
Sixty-five million Germans yielded to the | |
blandishments and magnetism of this slender man of medium height, with little | |
black mustache and shock of dark hair, whose fervor and demagogy swept everything | |
before him with outstretched arms as the savior and regenerator of the Fatherland.<BR> | |
<BR> | |
Austria, | |
with 7,000,000 inhabitants, succumbed helplessly to | |
his invasion. More than 2,000,000 Germans in the Sudeten country were added to | |
his domain when he threatened to invade Czechoslovakia, and 10,000,000 Czechs | |
and Slovaks were tied to his chariot wheel, their nation stripped of its defenses, | |
their State destroyed, while all of Central Europe trembled before what appeared | |
to be the irresistible advance of the goose- stepping Nazi hordes of his | |
adopted country.<BR> | |
<BR> | |
For more than six years after his advent to power in | |
January, 1933, there seemed to be no one who would dare to challenge Hitler's | |
progress from victory to victory until he met resistance from Poland, backed by | |
the Anglo-French alliance. <BR> | |
<BR> | |
Shortly after his dismemberment and subjugation | |
of Czechoslovakia Hitler was reported to have said, </FONT><FONT CLASS=Book-Antiqua-16pxFF0000b>"My time is short." </FONT><FONT CLASS=Book-Antiqua-16px800040b>His blow against Poland and challenge to France and England less than a year later | |
were taken as indications that he had determined deliberately to stake all he | |
had achieved and all that he still yearned for--domination of Europe--upon one | |
card, war, sensing, perhaps, that time was against him, that he had unleashed | |
forces of hatred and opposition throughout the world that might eventually destroy | |
him.<BR> | |
<BR> | |
</FONT><FONT CLASS=Book-Antiqua-16px0000FFb>Series of Broken Promises <BR> | |
</FONT><FONT CLASS=Book-Antiqua-16px800040b><BR> | |
Those who had hoped that success at home and extension of his power abroad | |
would make him more circumspect and reluctant to pursue the program of conquest | |
he had outlined for himself in "Mein Kampf" and in his speeches had abandoned | |
that hope when, in violation of his promise to respect the integrity of Czechoslovakia | |
after Munich, he marched on Prague and reduced that nation to a German | |
protectorate.<BR> | |
<BR> | |
It was not the first promise he had broken. His whole | |
course at home and abroad had been marked by broken promises and he did not hesitate | |
to massacre many of his own closest adherents, as he did in the purge of | |
June, 1934, when he personally directed the killing of Capt. Ernst Roehm and a | |
group of leading Nazis who had ventured to interfere in his plans for a closer | |
association of the Reichswehr with the regime and insisted upon fulfillment of | |
the original Nazi party promises in the economic field.<BR> | |
<BR> | |
The world-wide | |
condemnation of his methods was fed by the system of terrorism he had established | |
at home and in the countries he had conquered, the jailing of scores of thousands | |
in prisons and concentration camps, the secret murder of opponents and | |
those suspected of opposition, the ruthless destruction of the Jews and the persecution | |
of the Catholic and Protestant Churches in his drive for nazification | |
of the nation.<BR> | |
<BR> | |
</FONT><FONT CLASS=Book-Antiqua-16px0000FFb>Churches Persecuted Under Nazis' Paganism; Pastor Niemoeller <BR> | |
Pre-Eminent in | |
Opposition <BR> | |
</FONT><FONT CLASS=Book-Antiqua-16px800040b><BR> | |
It was not long after his coming to power that the churches found themselves | |
at war with Hitler and his regime when they discovered that what he aimed at | |
was no less than the substitution of a pagan German god for Christ.<BR> | |
<BR> | |
Some | |
brave representatives of the churches defied Hitler when all others had been | |
broken. Of these Pastor Niemoeller was pre-eminent. In his prison cell Niemoeller | |
became the symbol of Christianity struggling to maintain its truth and identity | |
against the Nazi State.<BR> | |
<BR> | |
</FONT><FONT CLASS=Book-Antiqua-16px0000FFb>Mass Unrest His Springboard <BR> | |
</FONT><FONT CLASS=Book-Antiqua-16px800040b><BR> | |
The social, political and economic conditions, as they developed in post-war | |
Germany, smarting painfully under humiliation and defeat and struggling for nearly | |
fifteen years with internal dissension and mass unemployment, supplied the | |
springboard for Hitler's leap to power in 1933. Having become disappointed in | |
all other parties, a sufficient number of Germans had accepted the Nazis when | |
the latter, by means of force and propaganda ingeniously directed by Hitler, had | |
maneuvered themselves into a position from which they could strike for seizure | |
of the Government.<BR> | |
<BR> | |
But an understanding of Hitler's conduct both before | |
and after his advent to power has been sought by students of the man in study | |
of his youth and family history.<BR> | |
<BR> | |
One of the most striking contradictions | |
was the discrepancy between the magnetism he exercised over millions | |
and the unprepossessing appearance of this champion of Aryan race purity. Professor | |
Max von Gruber, noted German authority on race hygiene, gave the following | |
description of Hitler when he met him for the first time at a political trial | |
in a German court in 1923.<BR> | |
<BR> | |
"Face and head, bad--mongrel. Low, receding | |
forehead, unhandsome nose, broad cheekbones, small eyes, dark hair. Expression | |
of the face not that of one commanding full self-control, but of one instantly | |
excited. At the end--the expression of happy complacency.<BR> | |
<BR> |
Hitler Fought Way to Power Unique in Modern History Bent Most of Europe to His Will by Manipulating Chaos That Was Aftermath of the First World War BY THE NEW YORK TIMES Adolf Hitler, one-time Austrian vagabond who rose to be the dictator of Germany, "augmenter of the Reich" and the scourge of Europe, was, like Lenin and Mussolini, a product of the First World War. The same general circumstances, born of the titanic conflict, that carried Lenin, a bookish professional revolutionist, to the pinnacle of power in the Empire of the Czars and cleared the road to mastery for Mussolini in the Rome of the Caesars also paved the way for Hitler's domination in the former mighty Germany of the Hohenzollerns. Like Lenin and Mussolini, Hitler came out of the blood and chaos of 1914-18, but of the three he was the strangest phenomenon. Lenin, while not know to the general public, had for many years before the Russian Revolution occupied a prominent place as leader and theoretician, of the Bolshevist party. Mussolini was a widely known Socialist editor, orator and politician before making his bid for power. Hitler was nothing, and from nothing he became everything to most Germans. Lenin dreamed of world revolution. Mussolini thundered of the coming world victory of fascism. Hitler actually challenged the earth to combat by unleashing another war of nations. Emerging from the field in 1918 as an obscure lance corporal, he led Germany twenty-one years later as supreme Fuehrer and War Lord. Subdued Many Nations Before the climax of a career unparalleled in history, he had subdued nine nations, defied successfully and humiliated the greatest powers of Europe, and created a social and economic system founded upon the complete subjection of scores of millions to his will in all basic features of social, political, economic and cultural life. Sixty-five million Germans yielded to the blandishments and magnetism of this slender man of medium height, with little black mustache and shock of dark hair, whose fervor and demagogy swept everything before him with outstretched arms as the savior and regenerator of the Fatherland. Austria, with 7,000,000 inhabitants, succumbed helplessly to his invasion. More than 2,000,000 Germans in the Sudeten country were added to his domain when he threatened to invade Czechoslovakia, and 10,000,000 Czechs and Slovaks were tied to his chariot wheel, their nation stripped of its defenses, their State destroyed, while all of Central Europe trembled before what appeared to be the irresistible advance of the goose- stepping Nazi hordes of his adopted country. For more than six years after his advent to power in January, 1933, there seemed to be no one who would dare to challenge Hitler's progress from victory to victory until he met resistance from Poland, backed by the Anglo-French alliance. Shortly after his dismemberment and subjugation of Czechoslovakia Hitler was reported to have said, "My time is short." His blow against Poland and challenge to France and England less than a year later were taken as indications that he had determined deliberately to stake all he had achieved and all that he still yearned for--domination of Europe--upon one card, war, sensing, perhaps, that time was against him, that he had unleashed forces of hatred and opposition throughout the world that might eventually destroy him. Series of Broken Promises Those who had hoped that success at home and extension of his power abroad would make him more circumspect and reluctant to pursue the program of conquest he had outlined for himself in "Mein Kampf" and in his speeches had abandoned that hope when, in violation of his promise to respect the integrity of Czechoslovakia after Munich, he marched on Prague and reduced that nation to a German protectorate. It was not the first promise he had broken. His whole course at home and abroad had been marked by broken promises and he did not hesitate to massacre many of his own closest adherents, as he did in the purge of June, 1934, when he personally directed the killing of Capt. Ernst Roehm and a group of leading Nazis who had ventured to interfere in his plans for a closer association of the Reichswehr with the regime and insisted upon fulfillment of the original Nazi party promises in the economic field. The world-wide condemnation of his methods was fed by the system of terrorism he had established at home and in the countries he had conquered, the jailing of scores of thousands in prisons and concentration camps, the secret murder of opponents and those suspected of opposition, the ruthless destruction of the Jews and the persecution of the Catholic and Protestant Churches in his drive for nazification of the nation. Churches Persecuted Under Nazis' Paganism; Pastor Niemoeller Pre-Eminent in Opposition It was not long after his coming to power that the churches found themselves at war with Hitler and his regime when they discovered that what he aimed at was no less than the substitution of a pagan German god for Christ. Some brave representatives of the churches defied Hitler when all others had been broken. Of these Pastor Niemoeller was pre-eminent. In his prison cell Niemoeller became the symbol of Christianity struggling to maintain its truth and identity against the Nazi State. Mass Unrest His Springboard The social, political and economic conditions, as they developed in post-war Germany, smarting painfully under humiliation and defeat and struggling for nearly fifteen years with internal dissension and mass unemployment, supplied the springboard for Hitler's leap to power in 1933. Having become disappointed in all other parties, a sufficient number of Germans had accepted the Nazis when the latter, by means of force and propaganda ingeniously directed by Hitler, had maneuvered themselves into a position from which they could strike for seizure of the Government. But an understanding of Hitler's conduct both before and after his advent to power has been sought by students of the man in study of his youth and family history. One of the most striking contradictions was the discrepancy between the magnetism he exercised over millions and the unprepossessing appearance of this champion of Aryan race purity. Professor Max von Gruber, noted German authority on race hygiene, gave the following description of Hitler when he met him for the first time at a political trial in a German court in 1923. "Face and head, bad--mongrel. Low, receding forehead, unhandsome nose, broad cheekbones, small eyes, dark hair. Expression of the face not that of one commanding full self-control, but of one instantly excited. At the end--the expression of happy complacency. |
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